2. Enzyme Changes in Traumatic wounds and its Forensic Implications
Mamatov T.A.¹, Mohammad Nadeem², Dharamraj³Embedded Files
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Enzyme Changes in Traumatic wounds and its Forensic Implications
Authors And Affiliations
1.Mamatov T.A.
2.Mohammad Nadeem
3. Dharamraj
( 1.Teacher,Osh State University,Kyrgyzstan
2.Student, Teacher,Osh State University,Kyrgyzstan
3.Student, Teacher,Osh State University,Kyrgyzstan)
Abstract
Tissue-specific enzyme conditioning plays a critical part in the forensic assessment of traumatic injuries. Enzymes similar as alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and matrix metalloproteinases establish dynamic changes depending on the tissue type and the time broke off since injury. This theme explores the interpretations in enzyme expression in different tissues( skin, muscle, brain, and internal organs) succeeding trauma, with a focus on their mileage in determining rupture vitality, age, and the nature of trauma. Using the IMRaD format, this review synthesizes recent exploration findings and discusses forensic operations, limitations, and unborn directions.
Keywords: forensic pharmaceutical, enzyme changes, trauma, tissue-specific response, injury age, histochemistry
Introduction
Traumatic injuries are a regular subject in forensic casework, bearing correct assessment of wound vitality and estimation of the time since infliction. Enzymatic changes in tissues offer biochemical markers that round histological findings in determining the nature and timing of injuries( Madea, 2005). variegated enzymes, specifically those involved in inflammation, metabolism, and tissue repair, lay out tissue-specific patterns that can be assayed to understand injury progression( Cameron et al., 2018).
Tissues similar as skin, muscle, brain, and internal organs respond else to trauma, and these differences are reflected in enzyme exertion. breaking down these biochemical labels has surfaced as a important tool in forensic pathology. This paper reviews the most applicable enzyme changes being in distinct tissues after injury and discusses their forensic significance.
Materials and Methods
This review is based on a comprehensive literature search using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Keywords included" enzyme exertion after trauma,"" wound age estimation,"" tissue-specific enzyme expression," and" forensic enzyme markers." Only peer- reviewed papers published in English between 2000 and 2024 were included. A aggregate of 112 studies were originally reviewed, of which 35 met the addition criteria grounded on applicability, methodological rigor, and forensic significance.
Data were extracted regarding specific enzymes, their exertion in colorful tissues, temporal changespost-injury, and forensic connection. These data were synthesized into relative tables and narrative analysis.
Results
1. Skin
The skin is the first line of defense and frequently the first to be injured. Enzyme changes in the skin are associated with seditious and healing responses.
2. Muscle Tissue
Muscle injury leads to cellular damage and metabolic enzyme release.
3. Brain
Brain trauma causes disruption of the blood- brain barrier and neuronal enzyme release.
4. Internal Organs( Liver, order, Heart)
Different internal organs show unique enzyme profiles upon injury.
Discussion
Tissue-specific enzyme changes are precious in forensic drug, especially for determining the age and vitality of injuries. In skin, enzymes like MMPs and MPO give insight into the early seditious response. Muscle-specific enzymes similar as CK and LDH are dependable for assessing muscular trauma. The brain has a unique profile, where markers like NSE and S100B are useful in assessing head injuries( Giorgetti et al., 2017).
The particularity of enzyme changes makes them suitable for discriminating antemortem from posthumous injuries. still, various factors similar as environmental conditions, cause of death, and individual variability can affect enzyme levels, challenging a conservative and comprehensive approach( Knight & Saukko, 2015).
Methodologically, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry have enhanced enzyme detection accuracy. Yet, the lack of standardized thresholds for enzyme situations across populations and posthumous intervals remains a challenge. Future research should focus on large- scale forensic confirmation and integration with molecular ways.
Conclusion
Tissue-specific enzymatic changes are promising markers for forensic assessment of traumatic injuries. They offer biochemical substantiation that complements traditional pathology and histology. Continued research and standardization are essential to improve their forensic trustability and courtroom connection.
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Received : 22 April 2025
Accepted: 23 April 2025
Online Publication : 23 April 2025
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